Factoring Finance in Canada : Receivables Financing

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Inside the Growing A/R Finance Market - Factoring & Alternative Business Credit Lines


Information on factoring finance in Canada. Receivables financing is a solid alternative to a full business line of credit - Here's why

Canadian business owners and financial managers keep hearing about factoring their accounts receivable as a viable working capital solution to generate cash flow for their firm.



How does factoring work in Canada, and how your firm benefit does from this type of financing. Also what are the costs of factoring? Let’s discuss those issues.



Canadian firms are challenged in the current environment to deliver the financial performance they need to operate and survive. The global financial woes of 2008-2009, out of which we are now emerging didn’t to anything to help those challenges in a positive manner!



While most business owners rely on banks to get their financing, many firms either are new, don’t qualify, or qualified previously but had financial challenge and are unable to get the financing they need for their working capital accounts, which are of course mainly receivables and inventory.



Canadian business owners want alternatives, and factoring provides one of many alternatives as a working capital source. If anything relying on just one source of financing, such as a bank or other outside lender has proven to be dangerous for many smaller to medium sized firms.



Factoring is the monetization, or in simply layman’s terms, the immediate cash flowing of your accounts receivable. The factoring process allows you to immediately overcome the biggest working capital challenge most businesses have, namely providing payment terms to customers, and seeing those customers even taking longer to pay than your terms!



Factoring puts you back in control of this timeless business challenge. Many of our clients use this type of financing as a bridge to get back to traditional financing, because your bank sees the cash flow coming into your firm on a regular basis.



Also, by providing extended payment terms that you are comfortable with to new or existing customers allows you to maintain a competitive advantage with your customs.



Factoring is the sale of your accounts receivable to a finance factor firm. We encourage all clients to understand the different types of this financing – which are:



recourse factoring

non recourse factoring

insured receivables factoring

non notification factoring



We strongly recommend non notification factoring to clients who qualify because it allows you to bill and collect your own receivables with no notification to your customer based.



Factoring is perceived as expensive, but a true analysis will show you that in many cases you can make money by using factoring. The financing costs associated with this type of cash flow financing can be offset by collecting your receivables faster and allowing you to buy smarter and take supplier discounts. Not to mention improving relations with your supplies.



In summary, factoring is a new great alternative financing vehicle. It works because you receive immediate cash for accounts receivable, allowing you to kick start your business cycle all over again. There are a number of different types of this financing offered in Canada – speak to a trusted, credible, and experienced advisor in this area to maximize the advantages of this cash flow financing .

7 Park Avenue Financial :
South Sheridan Executive Centre
2910 South Sheridan Way
Suite 301
Oakville, Ontario
L6J 7J8

Direct Line = 416 319 5769

Office = 905 829 2653

Email = sprokop@7parkavenuefinancial.com


http://www.7parkavenuefinancial.com


Business financing for Canadian Firms , specializing in working capital, cash flow, asset based financing , Equipment Leasing , franchise finance and Cdn. Tax Credit Finance . Founded 2004 - Completed in excess of 100 Million $ of financing for Canadian corporations .



' Canadian Business Financing With The Intelligent Use Of Experience '

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stan has had a successful career with some of the world’s largest and most successful corporations.
Prior to founding 7 Park Avenue Financial in 2004 his employers over the last 25 years were, ASHLAND OIL, ( 1977-1980) DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, ( 1980-1990) ) CABLE & WIRELESS PLC,( 1991 -1993) ) AND HEWLETT PACKARD ( 1994-2004 ) He is an expert in Canadian Business Financing.

Stan has over 40 years of business and finance executive experience. He has been recognized as a credit/financial executive for three of the largest technology companies in the world; Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equipment and Cable & Wireless. Stan has had in depth, hands on experience in assessing and evaluating thousands of companies that are seeking financing and expansion. He has been instrumental in helping many companies progress through every phase of financing, mergers & acquisitions, sales and marketing and human resources. Stan has worked with startups and public corporations and has many times established the financial wherewithal of organizations before approving millions of dollars of financing facilities and instruments on behalf of his employers.

Stan Prokop

Equipment Leasing in Canada

Solutions for Commercial Equipment Acquisition

Information on Canadian equipment leasing and financing options. The ability to finance commercial equipment / asset needs is critical to growing your business

Canadian business owners and financial managers quickly realize the benefits of lease financing when it comes to paying for equipment acquisitions. Whether your firm is a start up or an established company many of the benefits of lease financing will apply to your firm. One of those key benefits is simply the fact that you realize that somewhere in the near future you will have to replace that asset, and that is not the time when you wish to have a burdensome asset on your books that you must fully replace with valuable cash and working capital.

In Canada any asset class can be financed, including in some cases even soft costs or non tangible assets. Computer software might be a good example.

Cash flow is what most business owners are most cognizant of, and you quickly realize that paying for the use of an asset over its expected useful life makes much more sense that writing a large cheque for an asset that effectively depreciates the minute you purchase it. As consumers we can relate to that statement when purchasing a vehicle for our selves or our family!

Business owners have the luxury, when lease financing, of strutting a financial vehicle around the ultimate use of the asset – By that we mean you can have a significant say in the rate, term, and type of lease you enter into.

Clients always ask us about the rate in lease financing, as in some cases they have heard that leasing is a more expensive option to a bank loan or outright cash purchase. Textbooks have been written on that whole subject – but let’s try and summarize that whole textbook into a few common sense statements! They are as follows –

Using up bank credit lines for an equipment asset strategy can be a bad decision based on your overall ability to borrow in the future and the covenants the bank lender might place on your company.
Writing a cheque for payment in full of a depreciating asset, and depleting your cash on hand is never a recommended strategy for our clients
If you could match the benefits and the useful economic life of the asset to monthly cash outlays why wouldn’t you take advantage of that option
Many business owners prefer to have multiple sources of business financing – they don’t want all their ‘eggs in one basked ‘so to speak – Wouldn’t your firm want to do that?



Canadian business owners can choose from two types of leases –

Lease to own

Lease to use (commonly called an operating lease)

We recommend that clients view all asset acquisitions as a potential form different financing strategies. Work with a trusted, respected and credible advisor to ensure you understand that the rates, terms and structures reflect your overall credit quality and the type of lease that makes most sense for you Canadian asset acquisition . That’s a solid business financing strategy.

7 Park Avenue Financial :
South Sheridan Executive Centre
2910 South Sheridan Way
Suite 301
Oakville, Ontario
L6J 7J8

Direct Line = 416 319 5769

Office = 905 829 2653

Email = sprokop@7parkavenuefinancial.com

http://www.7parkavenuefinancial.com


Business financing for Canadian Firms , specializing in working capital, cash flow, asset based financing , Equipment Leasing , franchise finance and Cdn. Tax Credit Finance . Founded 2004 - Completed in excess of 100 Million $ of financing for Canadian corporations .

' Canadian Business Financing With The Intelligent Use Of Experience '

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stan has had a successful career with some of the world’s largest and most successful corporations.
Prior to founding 7 Park Avenue Financial in 2004 his employers over the last 25 years were, ASHLAND OIL, ( 1977-1980) DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, ( 1980-1990) ) CABLE & WIRELESS PLC,( 1991 -1993) ) AND HEWLETT PACKARD ( 1994-2004 ) He is an expert in Canadian Business Financing.

Stan has over 40 years of business and finance executive experience. He has been recognized as a credit/financial executive for three of the largest technology companies in the world; Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equipment and Cable & Wireless. Stan has had in depth, hands on experience in assessing and evaluating thousands of companies that are seeking financing and expansion. He has been instrumental in helping many companies progress through every phase of financing, mergers & acquisitions, sales and marketing and human resources. Stan has worked with startups and public corporations and has many times established the financial wherewithal of organizations before approving millions of dollars of financing facilities and instruments on behalf of his employers.

Stan Prokop

Equipment Financing For Business Capital Asset Needs

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What Would Happen To Your Company If You Had All The Assets & Equipment Financing You Needed?

Information on equipment financing in Canada. Having access to capital for equipment loans and leases is critical to long term business success

Canadian business owners and financial managers, difficult times notwithstanding, continue to look for financing for Equipment, and have a strong desire to understand their Canadian equipment capital options.

While trying to achieve the best pricing in their negotiations with vendors business owners at the same time want to know they can preserve their capital, cash flow, and operating capital - lease financing does exactly that.

This type of business financing in Canada is an alternative to a cash purchase or a loan from a Canadian chartered bank. Clearly a win / win scenario is achieved when a business owner can acquire the information he needs, while at the same time achieving a solid financing structure around that acquisition.

Business owners can count on a number of sure fire benefits associated with the lease financing of equipment – those benefits may differ for each firm relative to their importance. However, more often than not they include the following:


Canadian firms want to use assets to generate profits and sales – they don’t want to invest hard earned cash into depreciating assets

If there are tax advantages to an equipment finance transaction they want to utilize or benefit from them

If payments can be structured to suit the overall cash flow needs and working capital of the firm that is a beneficial option

Budgets can often complicate equipment acquisition – business owners in Canada want to know them can circumvent a budget timelines or financing amount with an effective acquisition strategy

Applying for a term or bank loan can takes weeks and months, lease equipment financing can often be approved in a matter of days based on the overall credit quality of your firm and the asset type

Lease equipment financing is complimentary to your current secured lenders or bank operating facilities – they round out your ability to get additional assets and capital


The one thing you don’t want your acquisition needs to do is to restrict your overall cash flow and working capital position. That’s why we recommend you sit down with a trusted, credible, and experience advisor in lease equipment financing in order to assess your overall asset acquisition capabilities, as well as the benefits you can derive from utilizing this financing tool.


The reality is that every type of asset in Canada can be financed, so being for armed with that knowledge can greatly enhance your overall competitive financial position.

Clients often ask us at which point in the business cycle is they eligible for lease equipment financing. Some first are start ups, some are early stage, and in many cases they are mature companies with a growth and track record. The reality is that lease financing applies to all these types of firms.

Quite frankly the true challenge in leasing simply knows what cash flow benefits you can derive from the acquisition. It is important to structure a transaction that matches the appropriate rate, term and overall lease type that you are looking for. There are actually two major lease types, lease to own, called capital leases, and lease for use, more commonly called operating leases.

Investigate financing for equipment options. Work with a credible advisor. Decide which benefits works most for your firm, and structure a transaction that makes sense and maximizes your ability to grow revenues and profits.

7 Park Avenue Financial :
South Sheridan Executive Centre
2910 South Sheridan Way
Suite 301
Oakville, Ontario
L6J 7J8

Direct Line = 416 319 5769

Office = 905 829 2653

Email = sprokop@7parkavenuefinancial.com

http://www.7parkavenuefinancial.com


Business financing for Canadian Firms , specializing in working capital, cash flow, asset based financing , Equipment Leasing , franchise finance and Cdn. Tax Credit Finance . Founded 2004 - Completed in excess of 100 Million $ of financing for Canadian corporations .

' Canadian Business Financing With The Intelligent Use Of Experience '

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stan has had a successful career with some of the world’s largest and most successful corporations.
Prior to founding 7 Park Avenue Financial in 2004 his employers over the last 25 years were, ASHLAND OIL, ( 1977-1980) DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, ( 1980-1990) ) CABLE & WIRELESS PLC,( 1991 -1993) ) AND HEWLETT PACKARD ( 1994-2004 ) He is an expert in Canadian Business Financing.

Stan has over 40 years of business and finance executive experience. He has been recognized as a credit/financial executive for three of the largest technology companies in the world; Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equipment and Cable & Wireless. Stan has had in depth, hands on experience in assessing and evaluating thousands of companies that are seeking financing and expansion. He has been instrumental in helping many companies progress through every phase of financing, mergers & acquisitions, sales and marketing and human resources. Stan has worked with startups and public corporations and has many times established the financial wherewithal of organizations before approving millions of dollars of financing facilities and instruments on behalf of his employers.

Stan Prokop

Sr&ed Funding And Financing Basics

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The Only Sr&ed Funding Guide You Need For Your Sred Loan on Your R&D Tax credit


Information on sr&ed financing in Canada . A sred loan monetizes your r&d tax credit for your cash flow purposes

Although Canada’s Sr&Ed program seems to be going some changes in terms of application and adjudication of your claim the good news is that the ability to finance your SRED (SR&ED) claim is as straightforward as ever. Let’s explore some key basics around what you need to know to finance your claim and get a head start advantage on your ability to reclaim sred funds.

Put very simply, if you have filed a sred claim there are a number of reasons to consider financing that claim for immediate cash. It’s a simple case of staying ahead of the game and monetizing your R&D tax credit now to accelerate working capital.

There is no industry that is unable to finance a sred claim – the program of course covers a wide variety of industries in Canada – many claims we see from clients are in the software and technology area, but virtually every industry has the ability to capture a sred government grant that is of course, non – repayable.

We should state however that sred claims that are prepared by proper technical advisors tend to be easier and quicker to finance – that is simply because with that experience and credibility comes the assurance to your lender that your claim has a high probability of being approved in entirety or for the most part .

That brings us to a critical point around the financing of the sred claim, which is often our client’s most typical starting question – ‘Our Company has a sred claim – how much can we get for it today?” SRED loans typically start out at 70% ltv. Ltv is an acronym of course in finance for loan to value, so we are simply stating that you can immediately borrow and receive in the range of 70% for your sred claim. Naturally that 30% gap still remains with your firm to its credit, it’s simply that you don’t receive sred loans for that remaining 30% which acts as a solid buffer to cover the probability that your claim might be adjusted by Canada Revenue Agency – it also covers off the financing costs.

A popular misconception around sred financing is that it is a loan – that is not the case in the technical manner that we as business owners view loans. A term loan, or short term loan for that matter adds debt to your balance sheet, and you make payments on a loan of course. SR&ED financing of your R&D tax credit is simply the monetizing of your sred claim, with the claim as collateral – so your firm is incurring no additional debt. Also, the beauty of a properly constructed sred financing is that no payments are made for the duration of the financing – The financing costs are netted out against your final cheque that you receive from Ottawa and your province. (SRED funds usually have two components, the federal and the provincial portion.)

Sr&Ed financing is efficient and can happen very quickly – as a business owner you should view the entire process in the same manner as you would any other application for financing – example – leasing some equipment, etc.

The key aspects of a sred application are a copy of your sred claim, a copy of your tax filing that you of course made at the same time as you filed you R&D tax credit, and typical information on your company, i.e. your financial statements . If for some reason you have made the decision to finance that claim after you have had your technical audit you are eligible for even a greater advance that our aforementioned 70%- however typically clients come to us when they have just filed a claim, or in some cases, are in the process of filing.

Financing of your sred loan takes a couple of weeks from start to finish, in our experience. So your strategy to finance your claim and receive cash for it can often be enhanced by planning early, which is always a good thing in any aspect of business finance.

Speak to a trusted, credible, and experienced financial advisor in SR&ED TAX credit finance to determine how easy it is to monetize that claim and turn that non repayable government grant into cash flow that will accelerate your growth and profits.

7 Park Avenue Financial :
South Sheridan Executive Centre
2910 South Sheridan Way
Suite 301
Oakville, Ontario
L6J 7J8
Direct Line = 416 319 5769

Office = 905 829 2653

Email = sprokop@7parkavenuefinancial.com

http://www.7parkavenuefinancial.com


Business financing for Canadian Firms , specializing in working capital, cash flow, asset based financing , Equipment Leasing , franchise finance and Cdn. Tax Credit Finance . Founded 2004 - Completed in excess of 100 Million $ of financing for Canadian corporations .

' Canadian Business Financing With The Intelligent Use Of Experience '

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stan has had a successful career with some of the world’s largest and most successful corporations.
Prior to founding 7 Park Avenue Financial in 2004 his employers over the last 25 years were, ASHLAND OIL, ( 1977-1980) DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, ( 1980-1990) ) CABLE & WIRELESS PLC,( 1991 -1993) ) AND HEWLETT PACKARD ( 1994-2004 ) He is an expert in Canadian Business Financing.

Stan has over 40 years of business and finance executive experience. He has been recognized as a credit/financial executive for three of the largest technology companies in the world; Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equipment and Cable & Wireless. Stan has had in depth, hands on experience in assessing and evaluating thousands of companies that are seeking financing and expansion. He has been instrumental in helping many companies progress through every phase of financing, mergers & acquisitions, sales and marketing and human resources. Stan has worked with startups and public corporations and has many times established the financial wherewithal of organizations before approving millions of dollars of financing facilities and instruments on behalf of his employers.

Stan Prokop

Inventory Financing as a Working Capital Solution

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Why Is It So Hard To Finance Inventory In Canada? We Know Why !



Information on inventory financing solutions in Canada. The ability to finance inventories as a key component of your working capital strategy is key to business financing success

If your Canadian firm is ‘ inventory intensive ‘ then an inventory financing solution has to be an optimal part of your overall working capital strategy . Unfortunately it has probably never been more difficult to access the amount of financing you need for inventory in order to maintain and grow sales and profits.

Let’s review some of the key basics and then outline what types of solutions are available to your firm. The essence of inventory financing is simply the ability of your firm to generate a short term advance, or operating facility based on the amount of inventory you have on hand. A couple of key concepts come into play here. One is simply valuation – meaning of course there has to some agreement between you and an inventory financier as to what value can be placed on inventory.

We can appreciate to a certain degree the conundrum that Canadian chartered banks have with inventory – which is simply - how do we understand it! There are hundreds of different industries and business models in Canada, and the ability of any one entity to understand what the value of a certain industry inventory is, and more important, how it could be remarketed in liquidation is of course the challenge.

As a result, as we have inferred, the banks have tended to shy away from advancing any significant amount of financing against inventory. When financing is in fact advance it tends to be very formulaic, and, similar to the receivables advance, very focused on your overall operational, financial, and collateral situation.

What Canadian business owners actually need is for a true inventory lender to work with them to understand what the maximum amount of funding can be given against ongoing inventory on hand. Again we will raise one other technical point, which is when we talk to inventory it can be in the form of raw material, work in progress, or finished goods. Those three categories alone of course require a whole additional subset of lender knowledge.

Fortunately there are firms in Canada who are very focused on inventory financing – in some cases these can be in the form of floor plan financing , although the purpose of our information here is pure inventory financing .

We recommend clients work with a trusted, credible, and experienced advisor in this area – one who can deliver an inventory solution that either compliments your existing financing arrangements, or, in some cases perhaps replacing your current financing with a very focused and specialized asset based line of credit that maximizes the total value of your receivables and inventory.

When inventory plays a key role in your company’s sales process your ability to generate cash flow and working capital on an ongoing basis against this asset will ultimately prove to be a major competitive advantage for on going growth and profits.

7 Park Avenue Financial :
South Sheridan Executive Centre
2910 South Sheridan Way
Suite 301
Oakville, Ontario
L6J 7J8

Direct Line = 416 319 5769

Office = 905 829 2653

Email = sprokop@7parkavenuefinancial.com

http://www.7parkavenuefinancial.com


Business financing for Canadian Firms , specializing in working capital, cash flow, asset based financing , Equipment Leasing , franchise finance and Cdn. Tax Credit Finance . Founded 2004 - Completed in excess of 100 Million $ of financing for Canadian corporations .

' Canadian Business Financing With The Intelligent Use Of Experience '

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stan has had a successful career with some of the world’s largest and most successful corporations.
Prior to founding 7 Park Avenue Financial in 2004 his employers over the last 25 years were, ASHLAND OIL, ( 1977-1980) DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, ( 1980-1990) ) CABLE & WIRELESS PLC,( 1991 -1993) ) AND HEWLETT PACKARD ( 1994-2004 ) He is an expert in Canadian Business Financing.

Stan has over 40 years of business and finance executive experience. He has been recognized as a credit/financial executive for three of the largest technology companies in the world; Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equipment and Cable & Wireless. Stan has had in depth, hands on experience in assessing and evaluating thousands of companies that are seeking financing and expansion. He has been instrumental in helping many companies progress through every phase of financing, mergers & acquisitions, sales and marketing and human resources. Stan has worked with startups and public corporations and has many times established the financial wherewithal of organizations before approving millions of dollars of financing facilities and instruments on behalf of his employers.

Stan Prokop

Why An Asset Based Loan Might Be Your Best Business Line of Credit Solution in Canada

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How to use Asset Finance for Working Capital

Information on the asset based loan strategy to facilitate a business line of credit solution for all your company's working capital and cash flow needs for growth

Canadian business owners and financial managers fully realize that based upon their working capital and cash flow needs a business line of credit is a necessity for the overall financing needs of the business.

An asset finance strategy can sometimes be the best solution for your overall business financing needs. Clients we speak to have trouble differentiating this type of solution from a regular Canadian chartered bank line of credit.

The difference is simply the overall focus of the financing – an asset based line of credit focuses solely on the variety of different business assets you have – they include predominantly inventory, receivables, equipment, and in some cases real estate .

When you successfully set up an asset based loan facility you are in effect monetizing these assets to their maximum, and borrowing against them as you need funds, on a daily basis. Naturally the main and most liquid assets in this type of financing tend to be receivables and inventory, but those other hard assets can nicely shore up an even higher credit facility for your firm.

So let’s get back to the difference between this type of facility, which some companies have never heard of, and a bank revolving line of credit. Your asset based business line of credit, unlike the bank facility, focuses 99% on the value of the assets in your business – so the bottom line is that as those assets grow you have unlimited working capital to grow ! – And that’s a good thing.

Another way of looking at this or explaining it more clearly is the manner in which these loans are set up and approved. Asset based loans for a business line of credit in this asset finance strategy focuses on collateral and its value. If you have now, or in the past secured a bank facility on the other hand you of course recognize the banks puts a lot of emphasis on non asset issues such as overall financial statement quality, external collateral, personal guarantees, etc. That is the main difference between these two types of financing. If you can demonstrate positive cash flow and cash flow from operations to a Canadian chartered bank it is unlikely you can obtain a business line of credit that suits your overall needs. Asset finance on the other hand is collateral based – if you have A/R, inventory, and perhaps equipment and real estate you can draw down on a daily basis against the value of those assets!

One other critical difference is that less covenants and ratio requirements are in place in an asset based line of credit. So if your firm has ongoing liquid and fixed assets you are in an excellent position to negotiate a business line of credit for an asset based financing facility.

How does this facility work on a daily basis? Is a question we always get from clients? You still of course do your banking at a bank or perhaps a credit union – but you supply on a regular (perhaps a weekly or monthly basis) what is known as a borrowing base certificate for your assets. The asset based lender then advances funds into your account which you can use to finance your business.

Asset based loans, or working capital facilities as we also like to call them have different levels of pricing based on overall facility size and with whom you are financing the line with. We recommend you review the benefits of an asset based business line of credit and speak to a credible, trusted, and experienced business financing advisor to determine if this type of working capital arrangement suits your firm. Many Canadian businesses are moving to this type of facility to fund future growth and profits.

7 Park Avenue Financial :
South Sheridan Executive Centre
2910 South Sheridan Way
Suite 301
Oakville, Ontario
L6J 7J8

Direct Line = 416 319 5769

Office = 905 829 2653

Email = sprokop@7parkavenuefinancial.com

http://www.7parkavenuefinancial.com


Business financing for Canadian Firms , specializing in working capital, cash flow, asset based financing , Equipment Leasing , franchise finance and Cdn. Tax Credit Finance . Founded 2004 - Completed in excess of 100 Million $ of financing for Canadian corporations .

' Canadian Business Financing With The Intelligent Use Of Experience '

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stan has had a successful career with some of the world’s largest and most successful corporations.
Prior to founding 7 Park Avenue Financial in 2004 his employers over the last 25 years were, ASHLAND OIL, ( 1977-1980) DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, ( 1980-1990) ) CABLE & WIRELESS PLC,( 1991 -1993) ) AND HEWLETT PACKARD ( 1994-2004 ) He is an expert in Canadian Business Financing.

Stan has over 40 years of business and finance executive experience. He has been recognized as a credit/financial executive for three of the largest technology companies in the world; Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equipment and Cable & Wireless. Stan has had in depth, hands on experience in assessing and evaluating thousands of companies that are seeking financing and expansion. He has been instrumental in helping many companies progress through every phase of financing, mergers & acquisitions, sales and marketing and human resources. Stan has worked with startups and public corporations and has many times established the financial wherewithal of organizations before approving millions of dollars of financing facilities and instruments on behalf of his employers.

Stan Prokop